Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature

Palmer Masumbe Netongo; Eric Berenger Tchoupe; Séverin Donald Kamdem; Jean-Paul Chedjou; Wilfred Fon Mbacham

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature

Palmer Masumbe Netongo, Eric Berenger Tchoupe, Séverin Donald Kamdem, Jean-Paul Chedjou, Wilfred Fon Mbacham

Published in Advances in Biochemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)

Received: 25 March 2022 Accepted: 13 April 2022 Published: 28 April 2022

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Abstract

Background: Malaria is a tropical disease that continues to have devastating impact on the health and livelihood of people around the world. The good number of new cases and most malaria-related deaths occur in the sub-Saharan African countries especially among children under the age of 5. Most malaria diagnostic methods are invasive and the use of non-invasive alternatives could be of great help in the control of the disease. The use of saliva-based diagnosis has been documented in recent studies. However, long-term storage of saliva also requires a cold chain, which is challenging in poor countries. Current tools to conserve saliva at room temperature are not affordable (~$16/kit) for malaria endemic countries. Methods: In this cross-sectional study including 83 febrile participants in the Obala district hospital, Cameroon, we evaluated the effectiveness of a cheaper homemade kit for stabilizing Plasmodium DNA in saliva at room temperature relative to the OMNIgene^®ORAL kit, for the molecular diagnosis of malaria. Results: Of the 83 participants aged between 2 to 77 years included in the study, 24% were males and 76% females. The frequency of malaria in this study was 78.31% (65/83) using microscopy. Saliva PCR-f₁ and PCR-S₀ detected 59 (71.08%) and 56 (67.47%) positive malaria samples respectively. Using microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivities of PCR-S₀ and PCR-f₁ were 100% while the specificities were 80%, and 85%, respectively. These parameters remained unchanged after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Conclusion: PCR-f₁ had a “very good” agreement (kappa 0.81) with microscopy compared to PCR-S₀ (kappa 0.64). We obtained similar results after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Homemade kit could be effective in transportation, preservation and diagnosis of malaria parasite in saliva.

Published in	Advances in Biochemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12
Page(s)	47-51
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Non-invasive, Saliva, DNA, Plasmodium, Malaria, Homemade Kit

References

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APA Style

Palmer Masumbe Netongo, Eric Berenger Tchoupe, Séverin Donald Kamdem, Jean-Paul Chedjou, Wilfred Fon Mbacham. (2022). Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Advances in Biochemistry, 10(2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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ACS Style

Palmer Masumbe Netongo; Eric Berenger Tchoupe; Séverin Donald Kamdem; Jean-Paul Chedjou; Wilfred Fon Mbacham. Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Adv. Biochem. 2022, 10(2), 47-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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AMA Style

Palmer Masumbe Netongo, Eric Berenger Tchoupe, Séverin Donald Kamdem, Jean-Paul Chedjou, Wilfred Fon Mbacham. Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Adv Biochem. 2022;10(2):47-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12,
  author = {Palmer Masumbe Netongo and Eric Berenger Tchoupe and Séverin Donald Kamdem and Jean-Paul Chedjou and Wilfred Fon Mbacham},
  title = {Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature},
  journal = {Advances in Biochemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {47-51},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ab.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Background: Malaria is a tropical disease that continues to have devastating impact on the health and livelihood of people around the world. The good number of new cases and most malaria-related deaths occur in the sub-Saharan African countries especially among children under the age of 5. Most malaria diagnostic methods are invasive and the use of non-invasive alternatives could be of great help in the control of the disease. The use of saliva-based diagnosis has been documented in recent studies. However, long-term storage of saliva also requires a cold chain, which is challenging in poor countries. Current tools to conserve saliva at room temperature are not affordable (~$16/kit) for malaria endemic countries. Methods: In this cross-sectional study including 83 febrile participants in the Obala district hospital, Cameroon, we evaluated the effectiveness of a cheaper homemade kit for stabilizing Plasmodium DNA in saliva at room temperature relative to the OMNIgene®ORAL kit, for the molecular diagnosis of malaria. Results: Of the 83 participants aged between 2 to 77 years included in the study, 24% were males and 76% females. The frequency of malaria in this study was 78.31% (65/83) using microscopy. Saliva PCR-f1 and PCR-S0 detected 59 (71.08%) and 56 (67.47%) positive malaria samples respectively. Using microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivities of PCR-S0 and PCR-f1 were 100% while the specificities were 80%, and 85%, respectively. These parameters remained unchanged after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Conclusion: PCR-f1 had a “very good” agreement (kappa 0.81) with microscopy compared to PCR-S0 (kappa 0.64). We obtained similar results after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Homemade kit could be effective in transportation, preservation and diagnosis of malaria parasite in saliva.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature
AU - Palmer Masumbe Netongo
AU - Eric Berenger Tchoupe
AU - Séverin Donald Kamdem
AU - Jean-Paul Chedjou
AU - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
Y1 - 2022/04/28
PY - 2022
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12
DO - 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12
T2 - Advances in Biochemistry
JF - Advances in Biochemistry
JO - Advances in Biochemistry
SP - 47
EP - 51
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2329-0862
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12
AB - Background: Malaria is a tropical disease that continues to have devastating impact on the health and livelihood of people around the world. The good number of new cases and most malaria-related deaths occur in the sub-Saharan African countries especially among children under the age of 5. Most malaria diagnostic methods are invasive and the use of non-invasive alternatives could be of great help in the control of the disease. The use of saliva-based diagnosis has been documented in recent studies. However, long-term storage of saliva also requires a cold chain, which is challenging in poor countries. Current tools to conserve saliva at room temperature are not affordable (~$16/kit) for malaria endemic countries. Methods: In this cross-sectional study including 83 febrile participants in the Obala district hospital, Cameroon, we evaluated the effectiveness of a cheaper homemade kit for stabilizing Plasmodium DNA in saliva at room temperature relative to the OMNIgene®ORAL kit, for the molecular diagnosis of malaria. Results: Of the 83 participants aged between 2 to 77 years included in the study, 24% were males and 76% females. The frequency of malaria in this study was 78.31% (65/83) using microscopy. Saliva PCR-f1 and PCR-S0 detected 59 (71.08%) and 56 (67.47%) positive malaria samples respectively. Using microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivities of PCR-S0 and PCR-f1 were 100% while the specificities were 80%, and 85%, respectively. These parameters remained unchanged after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Conclusion: PCR-f1 had a “very good” agreement (kappa 0.81) with microscopy compared to PCR-S0 (kappa 0.64). We obtained similar results after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Homemade kit could be effective in transportation, preservation and diagnosis of malaria parasite in saliva.
VL - 10
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Palmer Masumbe Netongo

Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Eric Berenger Tchoupe

Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Séverin Donald Kamdem

Molecular Diagnostics Research Group, Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Jean-Paul Chedjou

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
Wilfred Fon Mbacham

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon

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Palmer Masumbe Netongo, Eric Berenger Tchoupe, Séverin Donald Kamdem, Jean-Paul Chedjou, Wilfred Fon Mbacham. (2022). Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Advances in Biochemistry, 10(2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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Palmer Masumbe Netongo; Eric Berenger Tchoupe; Séverin Donald Kamdem; Jean-Paul Chedjou; Wilfred Fon Mbacham. Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Adv. Biochem. 2022, 10(2), 47-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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AMA Style

Palmer Masumbe Netongo, Eric Berenger Tchoupe, Séverin Donald Kamdem, Jean-Paul Chedjou, Wilfred Fon Mbacham. Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature. Adv Biochem. 2022;10(2):47-51. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12,
  author = {Palmer Masumbe Netongo and Eric Berenger Tchoupe and Séverin Donald Kamdem and Jean-Paul Chedjou and Wilfred Fon Mbacham},
  title = {Evaluation of a Homemade Saliva Kit for the Stabilization of Plasmodium DNA at Room Temperature},
  journal = {Advances in Biochemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {47-51},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ab.20221002.12},
  abstract = {Background: Malaria is a tropical disease that continues to have devastating impact on the health and livelihood of people around the world. The good number of new cases and most malaria-related deaths occur in the sub-Saharan African countries especially among children under the age of 5. Most malaria diagnostic methods are invasive and the use of non-invasive alternatives could be of great help in the control of the disease. The use of saliva-based diagnosis has been documented in recent studies. However, long-term storage of saliva also requires a cold chain, which is challenging in poor countries. Current tools to conserve saliva at room temperature are not affordable (~$16/kit) for malaria endemic countries. Methods: In this cross-sectional study including 83 febrile participants in the Obala district hospital, Cameroon, we evaluated the effectiveness of a cheaper homemade kit for stabilizing Plasmodium DNA in saliva at room temperature relative to the OMNIgene®ORAL kit, for the molecular diagnosis of malaria. Results: Of the 83 participants aged between 2 to 77 years included in the study, 24% were males and 76% females. The frequency of malaria in this study was 78.31% (65/83) using microscopy. Saliva PCR-f1 and PCR-S0 detected 59 (71.08%) and 56 (67.47%) positive malaria samples respectively. Using microscopy as gold standard, the sensitivities of PCR-S0 and PCR-f1 were 100% while the specificities were 80%, and 85%, respectively. These parameters remained unchanged after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Conclusion: PCR-f1 had a “very good” agreement (kappa 0.81) with microscopy compared to PCR-S0 (kappa 0.64). We obtained similar results after 12 months of storage of saliva samples at room temperature. Homemade kit could be effective in transportation, preservation and diagnosis of malaria parasite in saliva.},
 year = {2022}
}

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